Effects of gender-based violence on mental health
The consequences of gender-based violence are physically, mentally and socially devastating. In addition, the effects are often intensified by a lack of available treatment and support systems (Duroch et al., 2011).
Rape is the most intrusive of traumatic events. Women who are raped often experience a loss of control in many areas of their lives because the violation results in a shattering of beliefs regarding invulnerability, personal safety and a fair social world (Chaudhury et al, 2017). As a result, refugee and immigrant women who have experienced rape may have overwhelming feelings of distress, fear and helplessness.
Common effects of sexual trauma include the following:
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Depression
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Self-harm
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Memory gaps
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Trouble sleeping and nightmares
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Panic attacks and anxiety
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Use of alcohol or other substances
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Lack of a will to live
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Repeated experiences of sexual or physical violence
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Feelings of self-hate and low self-esteem
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Fear of people and relationships
The effects of trauma can make women feel that they are out of control or “going crazy.” They may feel either emotionally numb or suddenly alert and panicky. Women who have experienced trauma may not realize they are reacting to things that remind them of the abuse (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2014). Because such trauma results when women are hurt by another person, it can also affect their trust in people. Furthermore, women who have experienced sexual violence may avoid sex or intimacy because these experiences may bring up negative feelings and memories connected with past abuse.