Refugee children
Children make up a significant proportion of the general refugee population. In 2015, half of the world's refugees were children and adolescents (UNHCR, 2021).
Compared to other children, refugee children may have increased rates of mental health problems and illnesses. Studies have consistently found increased rates of PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, somatic complaints, sleep problems and behavioural problems in refugee children (APA, 2019; Fazel & Stein, 2002; National Child Traumatic Stress Network [NCTSN], 2005). PTSD in particular can be common among refugees in general (Caring for Kids New to Canada, 2018).
Refugee children are often exposed to trauma-related experiences that have profound consequences, resulting in behavioural and mental health problems and illnesses. The most commonly reported traumas are traumatic loss, bereavement or separation, forced displacement, and community and domestic violence (Betancourt et al, 2012).
As a result, this population demonstrates high levels of behavioural problems in a range of settings, such as:
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At school (e.g., getting in trouble, suspension)
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At home (e.g., problems with parents and caregivers)
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In their community (e.g., breaking rules, fighting)
Although trauma-affected refugee youth experience high exposure to diverse types of trauma and behaviour problems, they tend to demonstrate less risk-taking behaviour, criminal activity, alcohol/drug use and self-harm (Betancourt et al, 2012).
Complex trauma profiles, comorbid conditions and behavioural problems are important factors to consider in providing mental health services for refugee children and adolescents.