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Module 4 summary

Module 4 described the challenges immigrant and refugee children face in their settlement or resettlement in Canada, and how these challenges can affect their mental health. This module further emphasized how various factors can affect children's mental health and explored clinicalservice considerations related to newcomers' needs, as well as potential interventions.

You should now be able to:

Module 5 examines the mental health needs of other specific immigrant and refugee populations, such as older adults, survivors of torture, LGBTQ2S+ people and people with disabilities.

References

  • 2019 APA Immigration and Refugee Policy Statement. 2019. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/about/policy/immigration-refugee-policy.pdf
  • A Practical Guide for Developing Child Friendly Spaces. 2009. In UNICEF. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/unicef-child-friendly-spaces-cfs-training-package/
  • Ager, A., Metzler, J., Vojta, M., & Savage, K. 2013. Child friendly spaces. Intervention, 112, 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wtf.0000431120.01602.e2
  • Anisef & Kilbride 2008 - No references for the year 2008. Reference for a book written in 2003 below: Anisef, P., & Kilbride, K. M. 2003. Managing Two Worlds: The Experiences and Concerns of Immigrant Youth in Ontario. Canadian Scholars Press.
  • Beiser, M. 2010. The Mental Health of Immigrant and Refugee Children in Canada: A Description and Selected Findings from the New Canadian Children and Youth Study NCCYS. Canadian Issues, , 103-107. Retrieved from http://myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fmental-health-immigrant-refugee-children-canada%2Fdocview%2F763161578%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D14771
  • Beiser, M., Hou, F., Hyman, I., & Tousignant, M. 2002. Poverty, Family Process, and the Mental Health of Immigrant Children in Canada. American Journal of Public Health, 922, 220–227. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.2.220
  • Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. A. 2008. The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 203, 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260802090363
  • Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. A. 2008. The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 203, 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260802090363
  • Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., Layne, C. M., Kim, S., Steinberg, A. M., Ellis, H. J., & Birman, D. 2012. Trauma History and Psychopathology in War-Affected Refugee Children Referred for Trauma-Related Mental Health Services in the United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 256, 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21749
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  • Child Friendly Spaces in Emergencies: A Handbook for Save the Children Staff. 2008. In Save the Children. Save the Children. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/child-friendly-spaces-emergencies-handbook-save-children-staff/
  • Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). (2015). Facts and Figures 2014—Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents. Available: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/menu-fact.asp Accessed April 2018.
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  • Crowley, C. 2009. The mental health needs of refugee children: A review of literature and implications for nurse practitioners. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 216, 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00413.x
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  • Ellis, B. H., Abdi, S. M., & Winer, J. P. (2020). Refugees in our communities: Promoting whole community resilience. In Mental Health Practice With Immigrant and Refugee Youth (pp. 111–120). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000163-007
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  • Farley, H. R. 2020. Assessing mental health in vulnerable adolescents. Nursing, 5010, 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000697168.39814.93
  • Fazel, M., & Stein, A. 2002. The mental health of refugee children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 875, 366–370. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.87.5.366
  • Georgiades, K., Boyle, M. H., & Duku, E. 2007. Contextual Influences on Children?s Mental Health and School Performance: The Moderating Effects of Family Immigrant Status. Child Development, 785, 1572–1591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01084.x
  • Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. 2014, June 18. Permanent and temporary immigration to Canada from 2012 to 2014. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-209-x/2016001/article/14615-eng.htm
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  • Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. 2021, March 22. The Daily — Longitudinal Immigration Database: Immigrant children and census metropolitan area tables, 2018. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/210322/dq210322c-eng.htm
  • Hamilton, H., Van Der Maas, M., Boak, A., & Mann, R. B. 2014. Subjective Social Status, Immigrant Generation, and Cannabis and Alcohol Use Among Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 437, 1163–1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0054-y
  • Hearst, A. A., & Molnar, A. 2013. Female Genital Cutting: An Evidence-Based Approach to Clinical Management for the Primary Care Physician. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 886, 618–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.04.004
  • Hilario, C. T., Vo, D. X., Johnson, J. L., & Saewyc, E. M. 2014. Acculturation, Gender, and Mental Health of Southeast Asian Immigrant Youth in Canada. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 166, 1121–1129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-9978-x
  • Hui, C., & Barozzino, T. 2013. Caring for Kids New to Canada. Paediatrics and Child Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/18.4.179
  • Immigration, R. a. C. C. 2013, February 25. Provincial definitions of a minor. Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/refugee-protection/canada/processing-provincial-definitions-minor.html
  • Immigration, R. a. C. C. 2016, March 8. Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration, 2015. Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/annual-report-parliament-immigration-2015.html
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  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. 2005. Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 626, 593. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
  • Khanlou, N., & Crawford, C. 2006. Post-Migratory Experiences of Newcomer Female Youth: Self-Esteem and Identity Development. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 81, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-006-6341-x
  • Khanlou, N., & Wray, R. 2014. A Whole Community Approach toward Child and Youth Resilience Promotion: A Review of Resilience Literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 121, 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-013-9470-1
  • Khanlou, N., Haque, N., Mustafa, N., Vazquez, L. M., Mantini, A., & Weiss, J. A. 2017. Access Barriers to Services by Immigrant Mothers of Children with Autism in Canada. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 152, 239–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9732-4
  • Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., Hassan, G., Rousseau, C., & Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: General approach in primary care. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E959. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090292
  • Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., Hassan, G., Rousseau, C., & Pottie, K. 2011. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 18312, E959–E967. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090292
  • Kirmayer, L. J., Rousseau, C., Jarvis, G. E., & Guzder, J. 2008. The Cultural Context of Clinical Assessment. In John Wiley & Sons, Ltd eBooks pp. 54–66. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470515167.ch4
  • Korczak, D. J. 2015. Suicidal ideation and behaviour. Paediatrics & Child Health, 205, 1-5. Retrieved from http://myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fscholarly-journals%2Fsuicidal-ideation-behaviour%2Fdocview%2F1691300924%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D14771
  • Kwak, K. 2016. An evaluation of the healthy immigrant effect with adolescents in Canada: Examinations of gender and length of residence. Social Science & Medicine, 157, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.017
  • Kwak, K., & Rudmin, F. W. 2014. Adolescent health and adaptation in Canada: examination of gender and age aspects of the healthy immigrant effect. International Journal for Equity in Health, 131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0103-5
  • Lieberman, A. F., & Knorr, K. 2007. The impact of trauma: A development framework for infancy and early childhood. Psychiatric Annals, 376, 416–422.
  • Mares, S. 2021. Mental health consequences of detaining children and families who seek asylum: a scoping review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 3010, 1615–1639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01629-x
  • Merikangas, K. R., & Avenevoli, S. 2003. Epidemiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. In John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks pp. 657–704. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471234311.ch24
  • Mueller, I., & Tronick, E. Z. 2019. Early Life Exposure to Violence: Developmental Consequences on Brain and Behavior. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00156
  • National Child Traumatic Stress Network - Birman, D., Ho, J. C., Pulley, E., Batia, K., Everson, L., & Ellis, H. J. 2005. Mental Health Interventions for Refugee Children in Resettlement II. PsycEXTRA Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/e315362005-001
  • National Child Traumatic Stress Network - Birman, D., Ho, J. C., Pulley, E., Batia, K., Everson, L., & Ellis, H. J. 2005. Mental Health Interventions for Refugee Children in Resettlement II. PsycEXTRA Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/e315362005-001
  • Ontario Centre of Excellence for Child and Youth Mental Health. (2015). Taking action on health equity and diversity: Responding to the metnal health needs of children, youth and families new to Canada. Available: http://www.excellenceforchildandyouth.ca/sites/default/files/resource/policy_newcomer_cymh.pdf. Accessed April 22, 2018.
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  • Patterson, B., Kyu, H. H., & Georgiades, K. 2013. Age at Immigration to Canada and the Occurrence of Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 584, 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371305800406
  • Pieloch, K. A., McCullough, M. B., & Marks, A. K. 2016. Resilience of children with refugee statuses: A research review. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 574, 330-339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000073
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