With an awareness of how to effectively support clients in collaborative working relationships, health service providers should also consider how to effectively work with different populations, which means reflecting on one's work and examining one's power and privilege in the relationship. This is the subject of the next module.

References

6.1 — Treatment

• Al Masri, H. 2018, April 24. Cultural Barriers in accessing mental health services and the role of cultural brokers [Webinar]. CAMH. https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/professionals--projects/immigrant-and-refugee-mental-health-project/webinars/successful-or-promising-practices/cultural-barriers-in-accessing-mental-health-services
• Antonipillai, V., Schwartz, L., Wahoush, O., & Baumann, A. 2022. Patient and provider perspectives on how migrants access prescription drugs in Ontario: Implications for health policy and practice. SSM. Qualitative Research in Health, 2, 100063–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2022.100063
• Arthur, E., Seymour, A., Dartnell, M., Beltgens, P., Poole, N., Smylie, D., North. N., & Schmidt, R. 2013. Trauma-Informed Practice Guide. https://cewh.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2013_TIP-Guide.pdf
• Arthur, E., Seymour, A., Dartnell, M., Beltgens, P., Poole, N., Smylie, D., North. N., & Schmidt, R. 2013. Trauma-Informed Practice Guide. https://cewh.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2013_TIP-Guide.pdf
• Beiser, M., Simich, L., Pandalangat, N., Nowakowski, M., & Tian, F. (2011). Stresses of Passage, Balms of Resettlement, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Sri Lankan Tamils in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(6), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600604
• Betancourt, J. R. 2003. Cross-cultural medical education: Conceptual approaches and frameworks for evaluation. Academic Medicine, 786, 560–569. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200306000-00004
• Ciaramella, M., Monacelli, N., & Cocimano, L. C. E. 2022. Promotion of Resilience in Migrants: A Systematic Review of Study and Psychosocial Intervention. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 245, 1328–1344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01247-y
• Donnelly, T. T., Hwang, J. J., Este, D., Ewashen, C., Adair, C., & Clinton, M. 2011. If I Was Going to Kill Myself, I Wouldn’t Be Calling You. I am Asking for Help: Challenges Influencing Immigrant and Refugee Women’s Mental Health. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 325, 279–290. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2010.550383
• Edge, S., & Newbold, B. 2013. Discrimination and the Health of Immigrants and Refugees: Exploring Canada’s Evidence Base and Directions for Future Research in Newcomer Receiving Countries. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 151, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9640-4
• Elliott, D. E., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R. D., Markoff, L. S., & Reed, B. G. 2005. Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 334, 461–477. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20063
• Harris, M., & Fallot, R. D. (2001). Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 2001(89), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.23320018903
• Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., Hassan, G., Rousseau, C., & Pottie, K. 2011. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 18312, E959–E967. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090293
• Laurence, J., Kirmayer., Joseph, P., Gone., Joshua, Moses. (2014). Rethinking Historical Trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3):299-319. doi: 10.1177/1363461514536358
• Markowitz, J. C., & Weissman, M. M. (2004). Interpersonal psychotherapy: principles and applications. World Psychiatry, 3(3), 136–139.
• Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2015). Competence and Psychopathology in Development. In Developmental Psychopathology (Vol. 3, pp. 696–738). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939406.ch19
• McKenzie, K., Hansson, E., Tuck, A., & Lurie, S. (2010). IMPROVING MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR IMMIGRANT, REFUGEE, ETHNO-CULTURAL AND RACIALIZED GROUPS. Canadian Issues (Association for Canadian Studies : 1999), 65–.
• Mental Health Commission of Canada. 2016. Supporting the Mental Health of Refugees to Canada. Available: https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/wp-content/uploads/drupal/2016-01-25_refugee_mental_health_backgrounder_0.pdf
• Ng, E., & Zhang, H. (2021, June 16). Access to mental health consultations by immigrants and refugees in Canada. Health Reports 32(6). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32816413.
• Pahwa, P., Karunanayake, C. P., McCrosky, J., & Thorpe, L. (2012). Longitudinal trends in mental health among ethnic groups in Canada. Chronic Diseases in Canada, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.32.3.07
• Pottie, K., Greenaway, C., Feightner, J., Welch, V., Swinkels, H., Rashid, M., Narasiah, L., Kirmayer, L. J., Ueffing, E., MacDonald, N. E., Hassan, G., McNally, M., Khan, K., Buhrmann, R., Dunn, S., Dominic, A., McCarthy, A. E., Gagnon, A. J., Rousseau, C., … Blake, J. 2011. Evidence-based clinical guidelines for immigrants and refugees. Canadian Medical Association Journal CMAJ, 18312, E824–E925. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090314
• SAMHSA. (2014). Improving Cultural Competence. A Treatment Improvement protocol. Available: https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/d7/priv/sma14-4849.pdf
• Ungar, M. (2013). Resilience after maltreatment: The importance of social services as facilitators of positive adaptation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(2), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.08.004
• Vang, Zoua; Sigouin, Jennifer; Flenon, Astrid; and Gagnon, Alain (2015) "The Healthy Immigrant Effect in Canada: A Systematic Review," Population Change and Lifecourse Strategic Knowledge Cluster Discussion Paper Series/ Un Réseau stratégique de connaissances Changements de population et parcours de vie Document de travail: Vol. 3 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/pclc/vol3/iss1/4
• Vasilevska, B., & Simich, L. (2010). A REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE ON REFUGEE MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICES. Canadian Issues (Association for Canadian Studies : 1999), 33–.
• Whitley, R., Kirmayer, L. J., & Groleau, D. (2006). Understanding Immigrants’ Reluctance to Use Mental Health Services: A Qualitative Study from Montreal. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(4), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605100401

6.2 - Treatment interventions

•  George Foussias and Z. Jeff Daskalakis, The patient who is psychotic Psychiatry in Primary Care (CAMH, 2011)
• 5 steps to mental wellbeing. (16 C.E., December 22). National Health Service. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/guides-tools-and-activities/five-steps-to-mental-wellbeing/
• Behnia, B. 2008. Trust Development: A Discussion of Three Approaches and a Proposed Alternative. The British Journal of Social Work, 387, 1425–1441. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm053
• Disney, L. 2021. The Impact of Employment on Immigrant Mental Health: Results from a National Survey. Social Work New York, 662, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swab005
• Ng, E. (2015). Canadian health measures survey : a tool for immigrant health research? Statistics Canada.
• Nosè, M., Ballette, F., Bighelli, I., Turrini, G., Purgato, M., Tol, W., Priebe, S., & Barbui, C. (2017). Psychosocial interventions for post-Traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in high-income countries: Systematic review and meta-Analysis. PloS One, 12(2), e0171030–e0171030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171030
• Thompson, R., Valenti, E., Siette, J., & Priebe, S. (2016). To befriend or to be a friend: a systematic review of the meaning and practice of “befriending” in mental health care. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England), 25(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1021901
• Turrini, G., Purgato, M., Acarturk, C., Anttila, M., Au, T., Ballette, F., Bird, M., Carswell, K., Churchill, R., Cuijpers, P., Hall, J., Hansen, L. J., Kösters, M., Lantta, T., Nosè, M., Ostuzzi, G., Sijbrandij, M., Tedeschi, F., Valimaki, M., . . . Barbui, C. (2019). Efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions in asylum seekers and refugees: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(4), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000027

6.3 - Psychotherapy and counselling

• American Psychological Association. 2022.Understanding psychotherapy and how it works. Available: https://www.apa.org/topics/psychotherapy/understanding
• Antoniades, J., Mazza, D., & Brijnath, B. 2014. Efficacy of depression treatments for immigrant patients: Results from a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 141, 176–176. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-176
• BHUGRA, D., GUPTA, S., BHUI, K., CRAIG, T., DOGRA, N., INGLEBY, J. D., KIRKBRIDE, J., MOUSSAOUI, D., NAZROO, J., QURESHI, A., STOMPE, T., & TRIBE, R. 2011. WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants. World Psychiatry, 101, 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00002.x
• Bhui, K. S., Aslam, R. W., Palinski, A., McCabe, R., Johnson, M. R. D., Weich, S., Singh, S. P., Knapp, M., Ardino, V., & Szczepura, A. 2015. Interventions to improve therapeutic communications between Black and minority ethnic patients and professionals in psychiatric services: Systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2072, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158899
• Bleiberg, K. L., & Markowitz, J. C. (2019). Interpersonal Psychotherapy for PTSD: Treating Trauma Without Exposure. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 29(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000113
• CAMH.2023. Cognitive behavioural therapy. Available: https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/cognitive-behavioural-therapy
• Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. 2011. Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for English-Speaking People of Caribbean Origin. Available: https://www.porticonetwork.ca/documents/43843/277768/CBT-Anglophone_English.pdf/ba2f1c1c-5a55-40a9-95f5-000e48abff09
• Chowdhary, N., Jotheeswaran, A. T., Nadkarni, A., Hollon, S. D., King, M., Jordans, M. J. D., Rahman, A., Verdeli, H., Araya, R., & Patel, V. 2014. The methods and outcomes of cultural adaptations of psychological treatments for depressive disorders: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 446, 1131–1146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713001785
• COSTI Immigrant Services. (n.d.). Art Therapy Program for Refugee Children. Retrieved from COSTI Immigrant Services: http://www.costi.org/programs/program_details.php?sid=0&pid=0&id=161
• Crumlish, N., & OʼRourke, K. 2010. A Systematic Review of Treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Refugees and Asylum-Seekers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1984, 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181d61258
• Dorstyn, D. S., Saniotis, A., & Sobhanian, F. (2013). A systematic review of telecounselling and its effectiveness in managing depression amongst minority ethnic communities. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 19(6), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X13501767
• Dossa, N. I., & Hatem, M. 2012. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy versus Other PTSD Psychotherapies as Treatment for Women Victims of War-Related Violence: A Systematic Review. TheScientificWorld, 2012, 181847–19. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/181847
• Griner, D., & Smith, T. B. (2006). Culturally adapted mental health intervention: A meta-analytic review. Special issue: Culture, race, and ethnicity in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 43(4), 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.531
• Gwozdziewycz, N., & Mehl-Madrona, L. (2013). Meta-analysis of the use of narrative exposure therapy for the effects of trauma among refugee populations. Permanente Journal, 17(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/12-058
• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2022. Return Counselling Toolkit. IOM, Geneva. Available: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/Return-Counselling-Toolkit.pdf
• Kapitan, L. (2010). Introduction to art therapy research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203855133
• Khan, S., Lovell, K., Lunat, F., Masood, Y., Shah, S., Tomenson, B., & Husain, N. (2019). Culturally-adapted cognitive behavioural therapy based intervention for maternal depression: A mixed-methods feasibility study. BMC Women’s Health, 19(1), 21–21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0712-7
• Lely, J. C. G., Smid, G. E., Jongedijk, R. A., W. Knipscheer, J., & Kleber, R. J. (2019). The effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy: a review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1550344–Article 1550344. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1550344
• Markowitz, J. C. (2017). Interpersonal psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Oxford University Press.
• McPherson, J. (2012). Does Narrative Exposure Therapy Reduce PTSD in Survivors of Mass Violence? Research on Social Work Practice, 22(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731511414147
• Miller, K. E., & Billings, D. L. (1994). PLAYING TO GROW: A Primary Mental Health Intervention With Guatemalan Refugee Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(3), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079548
• Naeem, F., Phiri, P., Rathod, S., & Ayub, M. (2019). Cultural adaptation of cognitive–behavioural therapy. BJPsych Advances, 25(6), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.15
• Nakeyar, C., & Frewen, P. A. (2016). Evidence-Based Care for Iraqi, Kurdish, and Syrian Asylum Seekers and Refugees of the Syrian Civil War: A Systematic Review. Canadian Psychology = Psychologie Canadienne, 57(4), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000067
• Nosè, M., Ballette, F., Bighelli, I., Turrini, G., Purgato, M., Tol, W., Priebe, S., & Barbui, C. (2017). Psychosocial interventions for post-Traumatic stress disorder in refugees and asylum seekers resettled in high-income countries: Systematic review and meta-Analysis. PloS One, 12(2), e0171030–e0171030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171030
• OACCPP. 2023. About the OAMHP. https://oamhp.ca/about-us/
• Palic, S., & Elklit, A. (2011). Psychosocial treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in adult refugees: A systematic review of prospective treatment outcome studies and a critique. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131(1), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.005
• Quinlan, R., Schweitzer, R. D., Khawaja, N., & Griffin, J. (2016). Evaluation of a school-based creative arts therapy program for adolescents from refugee backgrounds. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 47, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2015.09.006
• Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). The emerging evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1030–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.004
• Rubin, J. A. (2011). The art of art therapy : what every art therapist needs to know (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203893845
• Schauer, M., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Narrative exposure therapy : a short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders (Second revised and expanded edition.). Hogrefe.
• Sharma, G., & Devan, K. (2021). The effectiveness of telepsychiatry: a thematic review. BJPsych Open, 7(S1), S51–S51. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.183
• Slobodin, O., & de Jong, J. T. V. . (2015). Mental health interventions for traumatized asylum seekers and refugees: What do we know about their efficacy? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014535752
• Tummala-Narra, P. (2015). Ethnic Identity, Perceived Support, and Depressive Symptoms Among Racial Minority Immigrant-Origin Adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000022
• Ugurlu, N., Akca, L., & Acarturk, C. (2016). An art therapy intervention for symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression and anxiety among Syrian refugee children. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 11(2), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2016.1181288
• What is Psychotherapy? (2023). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/psychotherapy
• World Health Organization and Columbia University.2016. Group Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) for Depression. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/250219/WHO-MSD-MER-16.4-eng.pdf?sequence=1
• Ye, J., Shim, R. S., Lukaszewski, T., Yun, K., Kim, S., & Ruth, G. (2012). Telepsychiatry services for Korean immigrants. Telemedicine Journal and E-health, 18(10), 797–802. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0041
• Yeung, A., Johnson, D., Trinh, N., Weng, W. C., Kvedar, J. C., & Fava, M. (2009). Feasibility and Effectiveness of Telepsychiatry Services for Chinese Immigrants in a Nursing Home. Telemedicine and e-Health, 15(4), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2008.0138

6.4 — Pharmacotherapy

• Awad, A. G. (2004). Antipsychotic medications: Compliance and attitudes towards treatment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 17(2), 75–80
• Bulloch, A. G. M., & Patten, S. B. (2010). Non-adherence with psychotropic medications in the general population. SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, 45(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0041-5
• Cramer, J. A., & Rosenheck, R. (1998). Compliance With Medication Regimens for Mental and Physical Disorders. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 49(2), 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.49.2.196
• Gast, A., & Mathes, T. (2019). Medication adherence influencing factors - An (updated) overview of systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 112–112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1014-8
• Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., Hassan, G., Rousseau, C., & Pottie, K. 2011. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 18312, E959–E967. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090290
• Kvarnström, K., Westerholm, A., Airaksinen, M., & Liira, H. (2021). Factors contributing to medication adherence in patients with a chronic condition: A scoping review of qualitative research. Pharmaceutics, 13(7), 1100–. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071100
• McKenzie, K., Hansson, E., Tuck, A., & Lurie, S. (2010). IMPROVING MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR IMMIGRANT, REFUGEE, ETHNO-CULTURAL AND RACIALIZED GROUPS. Canadian Issues (Association for Canadian Studies : 1999), 65–.
• Osterberg, L., & Blaschke, T. (2005). Drug therapy - Adherence to medication. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353(5), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050100